The French build Fort Coligny in Guanabara Bay in Rio de Janeiro. In addition, they try to colonize again in the Sao Paulo region.
The Tupiniquins Indians fight against the Portuguese.

Guanabara Bay

In Rio de Janeiro, the Portuguese fight the French.

1557

1559

The search for gold

The Portuguese start searching for gold in the interior.
Portuguese offensive in Bahia against the Tupiniquins

Destruction of Fort Coligny

The Portuguese destroy the fort and the French flee to the Tamoio Indians.
The vine comes to Brazil.

1560

1562

Tupiniquins Indians

Are defeated by the Portuguese in Salvador

The pox

The pox epidemic kills half of Brazil's indigenous population.

1563

1564

Peace and War

Although peace has been established between the Portuguese and Tamoio Indians, the Aimores begin hostilities with the Portuguese.

Foundation of Rio de Janeiro

Foundation of Rio de Janeiro by the Jesuits and Estácio de Sá. Rio serves as an important base against the French.

1565

1567

Retreat from Guanabara

Final withdrawal of the French from Guanabara after further fighting against the Portuguese
Further expeditions into the interior by Luis Martins and Brás Cubas

Sugar cane

Sugar cane becomes an important economic stream in Brazil, exported with the help of Dutch capital and slave labor.

1568

1572

Death of Mem de Sá

After the death of the Portuguese governor, the administration of Brazil is divided between two seats of government, Salvador and Rio de Janeiro.
The new governor of Salvador becomes Luis de Brito

Additional cultivation of tobacco and cotton

The government is again transferred to a seat in Salvador.
In addition to sugar cane, tobacco and cotton are now also grown.

1578

1579

Inquisition

Inquisition also enters Brazil through the Bishop of Salvador.

Quiilombos,Conquests and slavery

Runaway slaves find refuge in quilombos. Quilombo de Palmares is mentioned here.
Conquest of Paraiba
Slave traders raid Jesuit missions to enslave Indians

1581-1583

1584-1590

Sugarindustry

The sugar industry in Brazil is flourishing.
Brazil is governed by an administration body
English corsairs bombard Salvador
Further battles and conquests of Indian territories

Gold and Sugarcane

Gold is found in the Iguape River and Curitiba is founded
Sugar production in Brazil and the Dutch Antilles is at its peak and can meet Europe's annual demand for the next 2 centuries. This brings great wealth to both the Portuguese and the Dutch.

1594

1597-1598

Indians strike back and Philip III.

The Aimores Indians strike back and attack the Portuguese at the Paraguazu River.
Phillip III becomes King of Spain and Portugal

The Dutch attack

The Dutch attack Salvador, but are repulsed. The Dutch threaten the monopoly of the Portuguese in the slave trade
Natal is founded

1599

1600

Monopoly

Portuguese regain monopoly over slave trade by Spanish Crown

Indian hunting in the backcountry

The explorer Nicolau Barreto starts his expeditions to hunt the Indians.

1602

1604-1608

Government split again.

The French explore the mouth of the Amazon River.
There are again 2 governors in Brazil. Diogo Meneses rules in Salvador and Francisco de Souza in Rio de Janeiro.

Ceará

Ceará is founded and the French settle in Maranhão
Salvador Bahia is again attacked by the French.
The Portuguese are worried about the French presence in Maranhão and therefore build the port of Camocim

1612-1613